The Origin of a New Progenitor Stem Cell Group in Human Development by Hubert Wartenberg & Andreas Miething & Kjeld Møllgård

Author:Hubert Wartenberg & Andreas Miething & Kjeld Møllgård
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030020507
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

1.3.3.1 Embryonic Stem Cells

The embryonic stem cells (eSCs) attain this status after 5 days progression when the embryo has reached the morula or blastula stage. These cells of the morula have been first isolated and defined in mouse embryos by Evans and Kaufman (1981) and by Martin (1981), and in human inner mass cells by Thomson et al. (1998). They represent the standard for all stem cell conditions: they are pluripotent and are able to develop into all three germ layers. Immunocytochemically they should be characterized by several markers (e.g. Oct-4, Nanog, SSEA). They form teratomata (see Table 1.3), if isolated stem cells are transplanted as grafts into inbred strains of mice (Stevens 1967; Thomson et al. 1998; Rossant 2008).

Originating from these embryonal stem cells an immense number of stem cell lines have been produced (see Adewumi et al.: The International Stem Cell Initiative 2007; Mikkola et al. 2006; Ström et al. 2010). The first reason to create and study these stem cell lines was to multiply eSCs in a great amount and keep them in the original embryonal state in order to use them for clinical application. There would result cells which “in regenerative medicine” are “due to their ability to form all the tissue types in the body” (cited according to Ström et al. 2010). In addition to this clinical objective many studies on the biology and cyto-physiology of these embryonal cells have been performed (Zhu and Huangfu 2013). Stem cells obtained from blastocysts of several primates have also been studied (Macaca mulatta: Rhesus monkey, Macaca fascicularis: Cynomolgus monkey and Callithrix jacchus: common marmoset: Nakatsuji and Suemori 2002).

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